diff --git a/crates/apub/src/activities/mod.rs b/crates/apub/src/activities/mod.rs
index 7ae99c831..5641e322f 100644
--- a/crates/apub/src/activities/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/apub/src/activities/mod.rs
@@ -211,11 +211,7 @@ where
       .map(|e| Some(e.into()))
       .collect(),
     send_all_instances: send_targets.all_instances,
-    send_community_followers_of: send_targets
-      .community_followers_of
-      .into_iter()
-      .map(|e| Some(e.0))
-      .collect(),
+    send_community_followers_of: send_targets.community_followers_of.map(|e| e.0),
     actor_type: actor.actor_type(),
     actor_apub_id: actor.id().into(),
   };
diff --git a/crates/db_schema/src/impls/activity.rs b/crates/db_schema/src/impls/activity.rs
index 329f20e7a..16b0fca40 100644
--- a/crates/db_schema/src/impls/activity.rs
+++ b/crates/db_schema/src/impls/activity.rs
@@ -31,12 +31,9 @@ impl SentActivity {
       .await
   }
   pub async fn read(pool: &mut DbPool<'_>, object_id: i64) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-    use crate::schema::sent_activity::dsl::{id, sent_activity};
+    use crate::schema::sent_activity::dsl::sent_activity;
     let conn = &mut get_conn(pool).await?;
-    sent_activity
-      .filter(id.eq(object_id))
-      .first::<Self>(conn)
-      .await
+    sent_activity.find(object_id).first::<Self>(conn).await
   }
 }
 
@@ -115,7 +112,7 @@ mod tests {
         .into(),
       actor_type: ActorType::Person,
       send_all_instances: false,
-      send_community_followers_of: vec![],
+      send_community_followers_of: None,
       send_inboxes: vec![],
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/db_schema/src/schema.rs b/crates/db_schema/src/schema.rs
index c69b003a5..66502d943 100644
--- a/crates/db_schema/src/schema.rs
+++ b/crates/db_schema/src/schema.rs
@@ -296,8 +296,10 @@ diesel::table! {
 }
 
 diesel::table! {
-    federation_queue_state (domain) {
-        domain -> Text,
+    federation_queue_state (id) {
+        id -> Int4,
+        #[max_length = 255]
+        domain -> Varchar,
         last_successful_id -> Int8,
         fail_count -> Int4,
         last_retry -> Timestamptz,
@@ -806,7 +808,7 @@ diesel::table! {
         sensitive -> Bool,
         published -> Timestamp,
         send_inboxes -> Array<Nullable<Text>>,
-        send_community_followers_of -> Array<Nullable<Int4>>,
+        send_community_followers_of -> Nullable<Int4>,
         send_all_instances -> Bool,
         actor_type -> ActorTypeEnum,
         actor_apub_id -> Nullable<Text>,
diff --git a/crates/db_schema/src/source/activity.rs b/crates/db_schema/src/source/activity.rs
index 57881877f..f2a4058c0 100644
--- a/crates/db_schema/src/source/activity.rs
+++ b/crates/db_schema/src/source/activity.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub struct ActivitySendTargets {
   /// send to these inboxes explicitly
   pub inboxes: HashSet<Url>,
   /// send to all followers of these local communities
-  pub community_followers_of: HashSet<CommunityId>,
+  pub community_followers_of: Option<CommunityId>,
   /// send to all remote instances
   pub all_instances: bool,
 }
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl ActivitySendTargets {
   }
   pub fn to_local_community_followers(id: CommunityId) -> ActivitySendTargets {
     let mut a = ActivitySendTargets::empty();
-    a.community_followers_of.insert(id);
+    a.community_followers_of = Some(id);
     a
   }
   pub fn to_all_instances() -> ActivitySendTargets {
@@ -76,41 +76,13 @@ pub struct SentActivity {
   pub data: Value,
   pub sensitive: bool,
   pub published: chrono::NaiveDateTime,
-  #[diesel(deserialize_as = ArrayToHashSet<DbUrl>)]
-  pub send_inboxes: HashSet<DbUrl>,
-  #[diesel(deserialize_as = ArrayToHashSet<CommunityId>)]
-  pub send_community_followers_of: HashSet<CommunityId>,
+  pub send_inboxes: Vec<Option<DbUrl>>,
+  pub send_community_followers_of: Option<CommunityId>,
   pub send_all_instances: bool,
   pub actor_type: ActorType,
   pub actor_apub_id: Option<DbUrl>,
 }
 
-// wrapper to remove optional from array values and convert to hashset
-pub struct ArrayToHashSet<T>(HashSet<T>);
-
-impl<DB, T1, T2> Queryable<Array<Nullable<T2>>, DB> for ArrayToHashSet<T1>
-where
-  DB: Backend,
-  T1: FromSql<T2, DB> + Hash + Eq,
-  Vec<std::option::Option<T1>>: FromSql<Array<Nullable<T2>>, DB>,
-{
-  type Row = Vec<Option<T1>>;
-
-  fn build(row: Self::Row) -> diesel::deserialize::Result<Self> {
-    let res: diesel::deserialize::Result<HashSet<T1>> = row
-      .into_iter()
-      .map(|e| e.ok_or("array with null element".into()))
-      .collect();
-    res.map(ArrayToHashSet)
-  }
-}
-
-impl<T> From<ArrayToHashSet<T>> for HashSet<T> {
-  fn from(val: ArrayToHashSet<T>) -> Self {
-    val.0
-  }
-}
-
 #[derive(Insertable)]
 #[diesel(table_name = sent_activity)]
 pub struct SentActivityForm {
@@ -118,7 +90,7 @@ pub struct SentActivityForm {
   pub data: Value,
   pub sensitive: bool,
   pub send_inboxes: Vec<Option<DbUrl>>,
-  pub send_community_followers_of: Vec<Option<i32>>,
+  pub send_community_followers_of: Option<i32>,
   pub send_all_instances: bool,
   pub actor_type: ActorType,
   pub actor_apub_id: DbUrl,
diff --git a/crates/federate/src/federation_queue_state.rs b/crates/federate/src/federation_queue_state.rs
index cf6a33a81..80708fa9e 100644
--- a/crates/federate/src/federation_queue_state.rs
+++ b/crates/federate/src/federation_queue_state.rs
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ pub struct FederationQueueState {
 impl FederationQueueState {
   /// load or return a default empty value
   pub async fn load(pool: &mut DbPool<'_>, domain_: &str) -> Result<FederationQueueState> {
-    use lemmy_db_schema::schema::federation_queue_state::dsl::federation_queue_state;
+    use lemmy_db_schema::schema::federation_queue_state::dsl::{domain, federation_queue_state};
     let conn = &mut get_conn(pool).await?;
     Ok(
       federation_queue_state
-        .find(&domain_)
+        .filter(domain.eq(&domain_))
         .select(FederationQueueState::as_select())
         .get_result(conn)
         .await
diff --git a/crates/federate/src/worker.rs b/crates/federate/src/worker.rs
index 4d0b955ef..f8aa47ce7 100644
--- a/crates/federate/src/worker.rs
+++ b/crates/federate/src/worker.rs
@@ -201,17 +201,18 @@ impl InstanceWorker {
         inbox_urls.insert(site.inbox_url.inner().clone());
       }
     }
-    for t in &activity.send_community_followers_of {
+    if let Some(t) = &activity.send_community_followers_of {
       if let Some(urls) = self.followed_communities.get(t) {
         inbox_urls.extend(urls.iter().map(std::clone::Clone::clone));
       }
     }
-    for inbox in &activity.send_inboxes {
-      if inbox.domain() != Some(&self.instance.domain) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      inbox_urls.insert(inbox.inner().clone());
-    }
+    inbox_urls.extend(
+      activity
+        .send_inboxes
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|e| e.as_ref())
+        .filter_map(|u| (u.domain() == Some(&self.instance.domain)).then(|| u.inner().clone())),
+    );
     inbox_urls
   }
 
diff --git a/migrations/2023-08-01-115243_persistent-activity-queue/up.sql b/migrations/2023-08-01-115243_persistent-activity-queue/up.sql
index 0385fc830..9a9316af2 100644
--- a/migrations/2023-08-01-115243_persistent-activity-queue/up.sql
+++ b/migrations/2023-08-01-115243_persistent-activity-queue/up.sql
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ CREATE TYPE actor_type_enum AS enum(
 -- actor_apub_id only null for old entries before this migration
 ALTER TABLE sent_activity
     ADD COLUMN send_inboxes text[] NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}', -- list of specific inbox urls
-    ADD COLUMN send_community_followers_of integer[] NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
+    ADD COLUMN send_community_followers_of integer DEFAULT NULL,
     ADD COLUMN send_all_instances boolean NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
     ADD COLUMN actor_type actor_type_enum NOT NULL DEFAULT 'person',
     ADD COLUMN actor_apub_id text DEFAULT NULL;
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@ ALTER TABLE sent_activity
     ALTER COLUMN actor_apub_id DROP DEFAULT;
 
 CREATE TABLE federation_queue_state(
-    domain text PRIMARY KEY,
+    id serial PRIMARY KEY,
+    domain varchar(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
     last_successful_id bigint NOT NULL,
     fail_count integer NOT NULL,
     last_retry timestamptz NOT NULL